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David Hudson's Patent - Part I
The limiting condition of the ORME state is defined according to the present invention as an "S-ORME". The S-ORME is the lowest state in which monoatoms can exist and is, therefore, the most stable form of T-metal elements. The ORME is electronically rearranged and electron paired, but relative to time has not reached the lowest total energy condition of the S-ORME.
Detection of doublets does not provide an analytical method for the identification of ORMEs per se, but rather detects the presence of the electron pair or pairs which all specifically prepared ORMEs possess and which T- metals do not possess under any condition. It is the existence of the doublet that is critical, not its exact location in the IR spectra. The location can shift due to binding energy, chemical potential, of the individual element in the ORME, the effect of adsorbed water, the variances of the analytical instrument itself, or any external magnetic field.
The limiting condition of the ORME state is defined according to the present invention as an "S-ORME". The S-ORME is the lowest state in which monoatoms can exist and is, therefore, the most stable A T-metal monoatom which is in a -1 oxidation state is in a lower energy state than the same T-metal would be in at zero state with metal-metal bonding. This lowering of the perturbation reaction between the electrons and the nucleus of the monoatom because of the increased degrees of freedom allows the nucleus to expand its positive field to encompass the normally unshielded d and s valence electrons.This overlying positive magnetic field reduces the Coulomb repulsion energies that normally exist between the valence electrons. Pairing by those electrons becomes possible and over time occurs. Electron pairing provides a more stable and lower energy state for the monoatom.
The ORME state is achieved when the electron pairs have formed in the monoatom. A phenomenon of electron pairs is that the interacting, spin-paired electrons initially interreact by emitting phonon energy. The total energy of the pair reduces over time until it reaches a minimum where no phonons are emitted. This condition has been referred to by physicists as "adiabatic ground state". This state of electron pairing is a total lower energy state in much the same way that chemical combinations of elements are in a lower energy state than the constituent uncombined elements. For example, in the same way that it takes energy to dissociate water into H2 and O2 it will take energy to break the electron pair.
As this process of phonon emission by electrons during pairing is a function of temperature and time, thermal annealing can decrease the time required to reach ground state, i.e., all valence electrons paired. The cooling side of the annealing cycle is essential to effect a full conversion to an S- ORME state. Cooling to room temperature is sufficient for all element ORMEs with the exceptions of silver, copper, cobalt and nickel, which require a lower temperature. Therefore, thermal annealing reduces the time dependency of the electron pairs in achieving their lowest total energy.
All of the electron pairs in their lowest energy state, unlike single electrons, can exist in the same quantum state. When that uniform quantum state is achieved, the electron pair can not only move with zero resistance around the monoatom, but also can move with zero resistance between identical ORMEs that are within approximately 20 A or less of each other with no applied voltage potential. When a macro system of high purity, single element ORME achieves long-range quantum electron pair movement, that many-body system according to the present invention is defined as an S-ORME system.
An S-ORME system does not possess a crystalline structure but the individual ORMEs will, over time, space themselves as uniformly as possible in the system. The application of a minimum external magnetic field will cause the S-ORME system to respond by creating a protective external field ["Meissner Field"] that will encompass all those S-ORMEs within the 20 A limit. As used herein, "minimum external magnetic field" is defined as a magnetic field which is below the critical magnetic field which causes the collapse of the Meissner Field. This field is generated by electron pair movement within the system as a response to the minimum applied magnetic field. The (Ir) S-ORME and the (Au) S-ORME systems have a minimum critical field (''Hc1'') that is below the earth's magnetic field. The minimum critical field for a (Rh) S-ORME is slightly above the earth's magnetic field. When the quantum flux flow commences, due to the minimum external magnetic field being applied, the doublet in the IR spectrum will disappear because electron pairs are no longer bound in a fixed position on the individual ORME monoatoms.
Once the externally applied field exceeds the level which overcomes the protective Meissner Field of the S-ORME system ( "Hc2" ) , then any electrons moving between individual ORME atoms will demonstrate an ac Josephson junction type of response. The participating ORMEs will act as a very precise tuning device for electromagnetic emissions emanating from free electrons between ORMEs. The frequency of these emissions will be proportional to the applied external magnetic field. A one microvolt external potential will produce electromagnetic frequencies of 5x108 cycles per second. Annihilation radiation frequencies (about 1020 cycles per second) will be the limiting frequency of the possible emission. The reverse physical process of adding specific frequencies can generate the inverse relationship, i.e., a specific voltage will be produced for each specific applied frequency.
ORMEs can be reconverted to their constituent T-metals, but, as noted, are not identifiable as specific T-metals while in their ORME state. If a specific ORME is formed from a specific T-metal by using the procedure of this invention, it can only be confirmed by conventional analytical methods that the specific ORME was formed by reconstituting it as the T-metal. Further, the applications to which the ORMEs are directed will establish their relationship to a specific T-metal by virtue of the manner in which the ORME performs in that application as compared to the performance of commercially available derivatives of the T-metal. An example is the performance of commercial rhodium as a hydrogen- oxidation catalyst compared with the performance of the rhodium ORME as used in a hydrogen-oxidation catalyst.
It is believed that physical and chemical distinctions exist with respect to the different ORMEs, but presently such distinctions are not known. Proof of the nature of a specific ORME according to this invention is based upon the presence of a doublet in the IR spectrum, the reconstitution of each ORME back to its constituent T-metal, and its unique performance in specific applications compared to the constituent T-metal.
ORMEs are transformed into their original T-metal by means of a chemical bonding with an electron-donating element, such as carbon, which is capable of d orbital electron overlap and "spin flip". When the G-ORME is chemically bonded to carbon in an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol under a specific potential, carbon monoxide is formed and the ORME forms Au+Au+, a black precipitate, which under continued application of potential and dehydration reduces to Au+1 Au-1, a metallic bonded diatom of gold. This invention establishes that a high potential applied to the solution forces an electron into the d orbital, thus eliminating the electron pair. The first potential, which for G-ORME is approximately -2.2 V and for other ORMEs is between -1.8 and -2.2 V, re-establishes the d orbital overlap. The final potential of -2.5 V overcomes the water potential to deposit gold onto the cathode.
ORMEs are single T-metal atoms With no d orbital overlap. ORMEs do not conform to rules of physics which are generally applied to diatoms or larger clusters of metals (e.g., with conduction bands). The physics of the electron orbitals are actually more similar to those relating to a gas or solid solution which require density evaluation between atoms at greater distances. Conversely, atomic orbital calculations of high atomic density metals give results that correspond to valence charge rearrangement.
When the atomic distances of the elements are increased beyond a critical Coulomb distance, an energy gap exists between the occupied orbitals and the unoccupied orbitals. The atom, therefore, is an insulator and not a metal. Physicists when determining the electron band energies of small atom clusters suggest that the occupation of the bands should be rearranged if the total energy is to be minimized. The metallic electron orbital arrangement leads to calculations for energies, which results are inconsistent since the energies of the supposedly occupied states are higher than the supposedly unoccupied states. If this condition is relaxed and the bands allowed to repopulate in order to further lower the total energy, both bands will become partially filled. This repopulation, if performed in the presence of an unlimited source of electrons (reducing conditions), will provide a total energy condition of the atom which is considerably below or lower than the atom as it exists in a metallic form. this lower energy is the result of orbital rearrangement of electrons in the transition element. The resultant form of the element is an ORME.
The formation and the existence of ORMEs applies to all transition and noble metals of the Periodic Table and include cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, and the platinum group metals including platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium, which can have various d and s orbital arrangements, which are referred to as T- metals.
The T-metals, when subjected to conventional wet chemistry will disaggregate through the various known levels, but not beyond a diatom state. The conventional wet chemistry techniques if continued to be applied beyond the normally expected disaggregation on level (diatom) in the presence of water and an alkali metal, e.g., sodium, potassium or lithium, will first form a diatom and then electron orbitally rearrange to the non- metallic, mono-atomic form of the T-metal, ie., an ORME.
An ORME can be reaggregated to the T- metal form using conventional wet chemistry techniques, by subjecting the ORME to a two- stage electrical potential to "oxidize" the element to the metallic form.
The ORMEs of this invention exist in nature in an unpure form in various materials, such as sodic plagioclase or calcidic plagioclase ores. Because of their non- metallic, orbitally rearranged monoatomic form, ORMEs are not detected in these ores as the corresponding "metals" using conventional analysis and, accordingly, until the present invention were not detected, isolated or separated in a pure or substantially pure form. Their presence in the nonmetallic form explains the inconsistent analysis at times obtained when analyzing ores for metals whereby the quantitative analysis of elements accounts for less than 100% of the ore by weight.
ORMEs, which are individual atoms of the T-metals and by virtue of their orbital rearrangement are able to exist in a stable and virtually pure form, have different chemical and physical characteristics from their respective T-metal. Their thermal and chemical stability, their nonmetal-like nature, and their particulate size are characteristics rendering the ORMEs suitable for manyapplications.
Rhodium and iridium S-ORMEs have been prepared which exhibit superconductivity characteristics. These S-ORMEs, as described herein, are in a lower energy state as compared to their respective T-metal, and thus have a lower absolute temperature. The absolute temperature of an S-ORME system as compared to the absolute temperature of its respective T- metal is significantly lower, similar to the condition existing when a metal goes through a glass transition. S-ORMEs, having a very low absolute temperature, are good superconductors. These same characteristics apply to all ORMEs. Accordingly, a new source of superconductive materials is made available by this invention. These new materials require substantially less energy removal to reach the super-conductivity state and, therefore, can be used at higher temperatures than currently availablesuperconductors.
The ORMEs of this invention can be used for a wide range of purposes due to their unique electrical, physical, magnetic, and chemical properties. The present disclosure only highlights superconductivity and catalysis, but much wider potential uses exist, including energy production.
Having described the invention in general terms, the presently preferred embodiments will be set forth in reference to the drawing. In the drawing,
FIGURE 1 is a plot of the transition elements showing the principle quantum number versus the atomic number;
FIGURE 2 is a diagrammatic sketch of an electrodeposition apparatus used in forming the metallic gold from the G-ORME;
FIGURE 3 is a diagrammatic drawing of a separation apparatus utilized in separating ORMEs from ores according to the present invention;
FIGURE 4 is a plot of an infrared spectrum derived from an analysis of a rhodium ORME;
FIGURE 5 is the cycling magnetometry evaluation of iridium S-ORME demonstrating the phenomena of negative magnetization and minimum (Hc1) and maximum (Hc2) critical fields. In addition, the Josephson effect is demonstrated by the compensating current flows in response to the oscillations of the sample in a varying d.c. magnetic field;
FIGURE 6 is a differential thermal analysis (DTA) of hydrogen reduced iridium being annealed under helium atmosphere. The exothermic reaction up to 400 C is due to hydrogen and/or water bond breaking and the exothermic reaction commencing at 762 C is due to electron pairing and subsequent phonon emissions leading to S-ORME system development of the iridium ORME;
FIGURE 7 is a TGA of hydrogen reduced iridium monoatoms subjected to four (4) annealing cycles in a He atmosphere. It plots the heating and cooling time versus temperature. Comparison to Figure 6 shows an initial weight loss due to hydrogen and possibly water bond breaking. The significant demonstration is the scale-indicated weight loss corresponding to the second exothermic reaction shown in FIGURE 6: and
FIGURE 8, FIGURE 9, and FIGURE 10 are weight/temperature plots of the alternate heating and cooling over five cycles of an iridium S-ORME in an He atmosphere.
In the examples, parts are by weight unless otherwise expressly stated.